Explain dual-mode operation, kernel versus microkernel architectures, and how the OS protects I/O, memory, and the CPU
Compare CPU scheduling algorithms such as FCFS, SJF, Round Robin, and static/dynamic priority scheduling
Analyze memory management techniques including contiguous allocation, paging, segmentation, and virtual memory with page replacement
Describe I/O hardware, interrupt handling, buffering, and blocking versus nonblocking I/O
Evaluate file system design, directory structures, protection mechanisms, and access control models like ACLs and capabilities
Summarize the design and internals of Unix and Windows NT, including process scheduling, buffer cache, and NTFS recovery
