Convert numbers between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems
Represent signed numbers using sign-bit magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement
Explain floating-point number formats including IEEE-754 and IEEE-854 standards
Encode decimal and alphanumeric data using BCD, Gray, ASCII, and Unicode codes
Apply error detection and correction techniques such as parity, CRC, and Hamming codes
Perform basic binary addition and subtraction
