Describe the stages of the data engineering lifecycle from raw collection to final use
Distinguish between structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data and common file formats
Explain data warehouses, data marts, and ETL/ELT pipelines and integration platforms
Identify the core characteristics of big data: volume, velocity, and variety
Describe HDFS architecture, replication, and key components of the Hadoop ecosystem
Apply data cleaning techniques such as handling missing values, noise reduction, and outlier detection
